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## Chapter 11 Algebraic Structures

## Abelian Group

In Abelian groups, when computing,
With operands there's no refuting:
The expression \(bc\)
Is the same as \(cb\text{.}\)
Not en route to your job, yet commuting.
Howard Spindel, The Omnificent English Dictionary In Limerick Form

The primary goal of this chapter is to make the reader aware of what an algebraic system is and how algebraic systems can be studied at different levels of abstraction. After describing the concrete, axiomatic, and universal levels, we will introduce one of the most important algebraic systems at the axiomatic level, the group. In this chapter, group theory will be a vehicle for introducing the universal concepts of isomorphism, direct product, subsystem, and generating set. These concepts can be applied to all algebraic systems. The simplicity of group theory will help the reader obtain a good intuitive understanding of these concepts. In Chapter 15, we will introduce some additional concepts and applications of group theory. We will close the chapter with a discussion of how some computer hardware and software systems use the concept of an algebraic system.